The Crisis The Solution How It Works Climate Impact About Request a Briefing
The crisis

Camps meant for months become cities for a generation.

Forced displacement is at a record high, and camp lifecycles are lengthening. The shelter the world ships is built for a season. Families live in it for decades.

117.8M
people forcibly displaced worldwide at the end of 2025
2/3
of refugees live in protracted displacement — in exile 5+ years
20yrs
average stay in a camp, for those in protracted situations
8mo
the lifespan emergency tents are designed for — yet occupied for years
Source: UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), 2025 — figures cited in CAL Collaborative research.
Aerial view of a dense refugee camp of temporary tents stretching to the horizon
Emergency tents are built for months. In practice, they become homes for decades.
The scale

A record 117.8 million people, and most have nowhere to return.

At the end of 2025, 117.8 million people were forcibly displaced worldwide — refugees and internally displaced people forced from home by war, disaster, and collapse. Two-thirds now live in protracted displacement, in exile for five years or more.

Camps conceived as temporary become permanent. For those in protracted situations the average stay is twenty years. Emergency tents, designed for roughly eight months, are lived in for a generation.

Three realities

One crisis, three climates.

CAL Collaborative's research identified three distinct shelter challenges. Standard tents fail at all three.

01 · Camps to cities

Temporary settlements that never end.

Refugee camps are conceived as temporary solutions to mass displacement. With limited tools and resources, they inevitably become permanent settlements. Informal economies and cultural systems take root — a testament to human resilience — but the camps themselves lack the infrastructure to support it, concentrating fire risk, disease, and few paths to education or work.

A sprawling refugee camp of improvised tents spreading among sparse trees
Informal camps expand faster than the infrastructure meant to serve them.
A flooded, muddy street between tents in a Syrian refugee camp after snowmelt Interior of a standard-issue tent with no insulation, exposed to cold and damp
Snow turns to mud in a Syrian camp; a standard-issue tent interior offers no insulation.
02 · Cold & wet climate

Tents built for warmth, deployed into snow.

The war in Ukraine and snowstorms across Syria and Lebanon have exposed a fundamental flaw in tent reliance: tents are designed for warm climates and lack the insulation and waterproofing to be viable in the cold. In wet and snowy conditions the tent skin holds no warmth, unpaved ground liquefies, and water seeps in. The common fix is a tarp thrown over the top.

03 · Hot climate

Heat, thirst, and no shade to gather under.

Most of the world's refugees live in hot climates, and disproportionately face shortages of drinkable water and food that rising temperatures will only worsen. Families cool their tents with improvised layers of cloth — insufficient and dangerous, leaving people exposed to heat stroke, dehydration, and mosquito-borne disease such as malaria and zika. Shaded public space for recreation and civic life is almost always missing.

An arid, dusty refugee camp under a bright sky with people walking between tents
In hot climates, the absence of shade and cooling turns shelter into a health risk.
The gap is not compassion. It is a shelter worthy of the time people actually spend in it.
From problem to response

The problem is clear. So is the response.

Estia Homes was designed for exactly these conditions — a dignified, all-climate home that assembles in hours and lasts for years. See how the system works.

For governments · UN agencies · NGOs · Multilateral partners